仮定法過去完了
※「done = 過去分詞」「do = 原形」ということです。
「もし、過去のあの時ああだったらなぁ」という、過去のことについての「妄想（仮定）」を言うときに、「過去完了形」を使うということです。
If S had done ..., 「もし（過去のあの時）...だったら」
S would have done ... 「（過去のあの時）...だっただろう」
※could have done「～できただろう」、might have done「～だったかもしれない」
If I had taken the subway, I would have arrived on time.
(あの時)地下鉄にのっていたら、(あの時)時間通りについていただろう。
If I hadn't had a cold, I could have joined the party.
(あの時)風邪をひいてなかったら、(あの時)パーティーにでることができただろう。
If Honda had played in the game, we might have won.
(あの時)試合に本多が出ていたら、われわれは勝っていたかもしれない。
こういうパターンもあります。
If S had done ..., 「もし（過去のあの時）...だったら」
S would do ... 「（今）...だろう」
※could do 「できるだろう」、might do「するかもしれない」
If I had seen the doctor, I would be alright now.
(あの時)医者に行っていたら、今は気分がいいだろう。
Had S done ... と倒置されても意味は同じ。
● Had I seen the doctor = If I had seen the doctor
● Had I taken the subway = If I had taken the subway
● Had Honda played in the game = If Honda had played in the game
仮定法 I wish ... / It's (high/about) time ... / as if ...
以下のパターンでも
今のこと→「過去形」【仮定法過去】
過去（それ以前）のこと→「過去完了形」【仮定法過去完了】
を使います。
I wish S did ...「今(その時)～だったらなぁ。」
I wish S had done ...「あのとき(その時よりも前に）～だったらなぁ。」
as if S did ...「まるで今(その時) ～するかのように」
as if S had done「まるであのとき（その時より前に）～したかのように」
- wish, as ifに続く部分については、参考書などには「仮定法は時制の一致の影響は受けない」とか「(主節の動詞との）時のズレ」とか書いてあるけど、入試にはあまり出ないので完璧にわからなくても気にしない。
It's (high/about) time S did ...「(今は)～する時だ」
After what your family did for me, it's high time I paid back the debt!
直訳「お前の家族が俺のためにしてくれたことの後では、今がその借りを返すときだ。」※pay「払う」がpaidと過去形になっている。
形容詞、副詞がらみの構文
入試によく出るものだけまとめました。語順に注意するものは下の方にあります。
so ...(形容詞/副詞) that ～ 「とても...なので～／～ほど...。」
The room was so noisy that I couldn't study there.
such ...（名詞）that ～ 「とても...な...なので～／～ほど...な...。」
It was such a noisy room that I couldn't study there.
enough ... (名詞) to do 「～するのに十分な...」
I don't have enough money to study in college.
... (形容詞/副詞) enought to do「～にするのに十分...」
I'm not rich enough to study in college.
too ...(形容詞/副詞) to do「...すぎて～できない／～するには...すぎる」
It was too cold to play baseball.
語順に要注意なもの
形容詞 a 名詞
It was so noisy a room that I couldn't study there. 「～ほどうるさい部屋」
Ichiro is as good a batter as Pete Rose. 「～と同じくらい良いバッター」
It was too long a book for me to read in a week. 「～するには長すぎる本」
as many/much ... as ～ 「～ほどたくさんの...」
I have as many CDs as my brother.
私は兄とおなじくらい多くのCDを持っている。
You have as much talent as Ichiro.
おまえはイチローと同じくらい多くの才能を持っている。
仮定法過去
今ありえないこと、つまり、「もし今～なら」と、今の妄想を言うときに、「過去形」を使います。これが「仮定法過去」ということ。文法用語がややこしくてわかりにくいですが、英語自体は簡単なので覚えましょう。
If S did/were ..., 「もし（今）～なら」 (be動詞は、主語に関係なくwereを使うことが多い）
S would do ... 「(今)～だろう 」
wouldだけでなく、以下のような助動詞も使います。ニュアンスが違ってきます。
might do「～かもしれない」／could do「～できるだろう、～ありえるだろう
If I had money, I would buy an iPad.
もし(今)お金があれば、(今)iPadを買うだろう。
If I were you, I would marry her.
もし(今)俺がおまえなら、(今)俺は彼女と結婚するだろう。
演習 Attack On Titan Episode 1, To you, 2000 years from now
本文はこちら
Don't suddenly raise your voice like that...
①rise ②be risen ③raise ④be raised
Kill it without ( ) !
①failure ②failing ③fail ④being failed
( ) makes you think I'm crying?!
①Why ②How come ③What ④For what
What ( ) doing?
①are you thinking ②are you thinking about
③do you think you're ④you think are you
Why don't you have your dad ( ) you?
① to examine ②examined ③examine ④examining
Then you're not even (A) to fight them (B), are you?!
①prepared / in the first place ②prepared / at the beginning
③preparing / in the first place ④preparing / at the beginning
If only they (A) inside the wall, they (B) safe and sound.
①(A)had stayed (B)would all be ②(A)would have stayed (B)would have all been
③(A)had been stayed (B)would all be ③(A)would be stayed (B)would have all been
Were you really (A) sound asleep (B) you were still dreaming when you woke up?
①(A)being (B)until ②(A)feeling (B) when ③(A)so (B)that ④(A)such (B)that
His death [ ] them back, right?!
[beating / brought / closer / humanity / one step / to]
All [ ] of my incompetence!
[did / because / get / killed / my soldiers / I / was]
So basically our taxes [ ] them with "snacks."
[ by / used / fatten up / to / are / being / providing / those bastards]
When you become a soldier, you [ ] outside the wall while you're on wall defence duty or whatever...
[around / get / hanging / your chance / see / them / to]
早稲田政経 2010 大問II
It's generally assumed that the entrance of women into the workforce is responsible for the collapse of home cooking, but that turns out to be only part of the story. Yes, women with jobs outside the home spend less time cooking―but so do women without jobs. The amount of time spent on food preparation in America has fallen at the same steep rate among women who don't work outside the home as it has among women who do: in both cases, a decline of about 40% since 1965. (Though for married women who don't have jobs, the amount of time spent cooking remains greater: 58 minutes a day, as compared with 36 for married women who do have jobs. In general, spending on restaurants or takeout food rises with income. Women with jobs have more money to pay corporations to do their cooking, yet all American women now allow corporations to cook for them when they can.
Those corporations have been trying to persuade Americans to let them do the cooking since long before large numbers of women entered the work force. After World War II, the food industry labored mightily to sell American women on all the processed-food wonders it had invented to feed the troops: canned meals, freeze-dried foods, dehydrated potatoes, powdered orange juice and coffee, instant everything. As Laura Shapiro recounts in “Something From the Oven: Reinventing Dinner in 1950s America,” the food industry strived to “persuade millions of Americans to develop a lasting taste for meals that were a lot like field rations.” The same process of peacetime conversion that industrialized our farming ― giving us synthetic fertilizers made from the chemicals used to develop weapons―also industrialized our eating.
Shapiro shows that the shift toward industrial cookery began not in response to a demand from women entering the workforce but as a supply-driven phenomenon. In fact, for many years American women, whether they worked or not, resisted processed foods, regarding them as a failure in their "moral obligation to cook," something they believed to be as important a parental responsibility as child care. It took years of clever, dedicated marketing to overcome this attitude and persuade Americans that opening a can or cooking from a mix really was cooking. In the 1950s, just-add-water cake mixes remained on supermarket shelves until the marketers figured out that if you left at least something for the "baker" to do ― specifically, crack open an egg―she could take ownership of the cake. Over the years, the food scientists have gotten better and better at simulating real food, keeping it looking attractive and seemingly fresh, and the rapid acceptance of microwave ovens―which went from being in only 8% of American households in 1978 to 90% today―opened up vast new horizons of home-meal replacement.
Research by Harry Balzer, a food-market specialist, suggests that the corporate project of redefining what it means to cook and serve a meal has succeeded beyond the industry's wildest expectations. People think nothing of buying frozen peanut butter-and-jelly sandwiches for their children's lunchboxes. (Now how much of a timesaver can that be?) "We've had a hundred years of packaged foods," Balzer says, "and now we're going to have a hundred years of packaged meals." Already today, 80% of the cost of food eaten in the home goes to someone other than a farmer, which is to say to industrial cooking and packaging and marketing. Balzer is unsentimental about this development: "Do you miss sewing or darning socks? I don't think so." So what are we doing with the time we save by outsourcing our food preparation to corporations and 16-year-old burger flippers? Working, commuting to work, surfing the Internet, and (perhaps most curiously of all) watching other people cook on television.
But this may not be quite the paradox it seems. Maybe the reason we like to watch cooking on TV is that there are things about cooking we miss. We might not feel we have the time or the energy to do it ourselves every day, yet we're not prepared to see it disappear from our lives entirely. Why not? Perhaps because cooking―unlike sewing or darning socks―is an activity that strikes a deep emotional chord in us, one that might even go to the heart of our identity as human beings.
原文はこちら（長い！）
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/02/magazine/02cooking-t.html?_r=0
